Uhlolojikelele lwentuthuko kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemboni yokugcina amandla.
1. Isingeniso kubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla.
Isitoreji samandla siwukugcina amandla. Kubhekiselwa kubuchwepheshe obuguqula uhlobo olulodwa lwamandla lube uhlobo oluzinzile futhi lugcine. Bese beyikhulula ngendlela ethile uma kudingeka. Izimiso ezihlukene zokugcina amandla ziyihlukanise zibe izinhlobo ezi-3: okomshini, i-electromagnetic, kanye ne-electrochemical. Uhlobo ngalunye lwesitoreji samandla lunobubanzi balo bamandla, izici, kanye nokusetshenziswa.
| Uhlobo lokugcina amandla | Amandla alinganiselwe | Amandla alinganiselwe | Izici | Izikhathi zokufaka izicelo | |
| Omakhenikha Isitoreji Amandla | 抽水 储能 | 100-2,000MW | 4-10h | Isikali esikhulu, ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe; ukuphendula kancane, kudinga izinsiza zendawo | Ukulawulwa komthwalo, ukulawula imvamisa kanye nekhophi yasenqolobaneni yesistimu, ukulawulwa kokuqina kwegridi. |
| 压缩 空气储能 | IMW-300MW | 1-20h | Ubuchwepheshe obukhulu, obuvuthiwe; ukusabela okunensayo, isidingo semithombo yendawo. | Ukushefa okuphezulu, ukulondoloza isistimu, ukulawula ukuzinza kwegridi | |
| 飞轮 储能 | kW-30MW | 15s-30 imiz | Amandla athile aphezulu, izindleko eziphezulu, izinga eliphezulu lomsindo | Ukulawula okudlulayo/okuguquguqukayo, ukulawulwa kwefrikhwensi, ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi, i-UPS nesitoreji samandla ebhethri. | |
| I-electromagnetic Isitoreji Amandla | 超导 储能 | kW-1MW | 2s-5min | Ukusabela okusheshayo, amandla athile aphezulu; izindleko eziphezulu, ukugcinwa okunzima | Ukulawula okudlulayo/okuguquguqukayo, ukulawula imvamisa, ukulawula ikhwalithi yamandla, i-UPS nesitoreji samandla ebhethri |
| 超级 电容 | kW-1MW | 1-30s | Ukusabela okusheshayo, amandla athile aphezulu; izindleko eziphezulu | Ukulawula ikhwalithi yamandla, i-UPS nesitoreji samandla ebhethri | |
| Electrochemical Isitoreji Amandla | 铅酸 电池 | kW-50MW | 1 iminithi-3 h | Ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe, izindleko eziphansi; ukuphila okufushane, ukukhathazeka ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo | Isipele sesiteshi samandla, isiqalo esimnyama, i-UPS, ibhalansi yamandla |
| 液流 电池 | kW-100MW | 1-20h | Imijikelezo eminingi yebhethri ibandakanya ukushaja okujulile nokushajwa. Kulula ukuhlanganisa, kodwa abe namandla aphansi | Ihlanganisa ikhwalithi yamandla. Iphinde ihlanganise amandla okulondoloza. Iphinde ihlanganise ukushefa okuphezulu kanye nokugcwaliswa kwesigodi. Iphinde ihlanganise nokuphathwa kwamandla kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla avuselelekayo. | |
| 钠硫 电池 | 1kW-100MW | Amahora | Amandla athile aphezulu, izindleko eziphezulu, izindaba zokuphepha zokusebenza zidinga ukuthuthukiswa. | Ikhwalithi yamandla ingumbono owodwa. Ukunikezwa kwamandla okusekelayo kungenye. Bese, kukhona ukushefa okuphezulu nokugcwaliswa kwesigodi. Ukuphathwa kwamandla kungenye. Ekugcineni, kunesitoreji samandla avuselelekayo. | |
| 锂离子 电池 | kW-100MW | Amahora | Amandla athile aphezulu, izindleko ziyehla njengoba izindleko zamabhethri e-lithium-ion zincipha | Ukulawula okudlulayo/okuguquguqukayo, ukulawulwa kwefrikhwensi, ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi, i-UPS nesitoreji samandla ebhethri. | |
Inezinzuzo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi umthelela omncane ovela endaweni. Futhi banesikhathi esifushane sokwakha kanye nokuminyana kwamandla aphezulu. Ngenxa yalokho, isitoreji samandla e-electrochemical singasetshenziswa ngokuguquguquka. Isebenza ezimweni eziningi zokugcina amandla. Kuwubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla. Inobubanzi obubanzi kakhulu bokusetshenziswa futhi inamandla kakhulu okuthuthukiswa. Okuyinhloko amabhethri e-lithium-ion. Zisetshenziswa ezimeni kusukela emaminithini kuya emahoreni.
2. Izimo zesicelo sokugcina amandla
Isitoreji samandla sinezimo eziningi zohlelo lokusebenza ohlelweni lwamandla. Isitoreji samandla sinokusetshenziswa oku-3 okuyinhloko: ukukhiqiza amandla, igridi, nabasebenzisi. Kunjalo:
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla amasha kuhlukile ezinhlotsheni zendabuko. Ithintwa yizimo zemvelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhanya nezinga lokushisa. Amandla okukhipha amandla ahluka ngokwesizini nangosuku. Ukulungisa amandla okufunayo akunakwenzeka. Ungumthombo wamandla ongazinzile. Lapho umthamo ofakiwe noma ingxenye yokukhiqiza amandla ifinyelela izinga elithile. Kuzothinta ukuzinza kwegridi yamandla. Ukugcina isistimu yamandla iphephile futhi izinzile, isistimu entsha yamandla izosebenzisa imikhiqizo yokugcina amandla. Bazophinde baxhumeke kugridi ukuze bushelelezi ukuphuma kwamandla. Lokhu kuzonciphisa umthelela wamandla amasha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amandla e-photovoltaic nawomoya. Ziyizikhawu futhi ziyaguquguquka. Izophinde ibhekane nezinkinga zokusetshenziswa kwamandla, njengokulahlwa komoya nokulahlwa okuncane.
Idizayini nokwakhiwa kwegridi evamile kulandela indlela yokulayisha ephezulu. Benza kanjalo ohlangothini lwegridi. Kunjalo lapho wakha igridi entsha noma wengeza umthamo. Izinto zokusebenza kufanele zicabangele ubukhulu bomthwalo. Lokhu kuzoholela ezindlekweni eziphakeme kanye nokusetshenziswa kwempahla ephansi. Ukukhuphuka kwesitoreji samandla sohlangothi lwegridi kungaphula indlela yokulayisha ephezulu yoqobo. Uma wenza igridi entsha noma unweba endala, kunganciphisa ukuminyana kwegridi. Iphinde ikhuthaze ukwandisa nokuthuthukisa imishini. Lokhu konga ezindlekweni zokutshala izimali kugridi futhi kuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwempahla. Isitoreji samandla sisebenzisa iziqukathi njengenkampani yenethiwekhi eyinhloko. Isetshenziswa emaceleni okukhiqiza amandla kanye negridi. Ikakhulukazi eyezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamandla angaphezu kuka-30kW. Badinga umthamo womkhiqizo ophezulu.
Amasistimu wamandla amasha ngasohlangothini lwabasebenzisi asetshenziswa kakhulu ukukhiqiza nokugcina amandla. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zikagesi futhi kusebenzisa ukugcinwa kwamandla ukuze kuzinze amandla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abasebenzisi bangasebenzisa futhi izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ukugcina ugesi uma amanani ephansi. Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi banciphise ukusebenzisa kwabo ugesi wegridi uma amanani entengo ephezulu. Bangakwazi futhi ukuthengisa ugesi ohlelweni lokugcina ukuze benze imali ngamanani aphezulu kanye nesigodi. Isitoreji samandla esiseceleni komsebenzisi sisebenzisa amakhabethe njengenkampani yenethiwekhi eyinhloko. Ifanela izinhlelo zokusebenza emapaki ezimboni nawezentengiselwano kanye neziteshi zamandla ze-photovoltaic ezisabalalisiwe. Lawa asesigabeni samandla asukela ku-1kW kuya ku-10kW. Umthamo womkhiqizo uphansi uma kuqhathaniswa.
3. Uhlelo lwe-“source-grid-load-storage” luyisimo esinwetshiwe sohlelo lokugcinwa kwamandla.
Uhlelo lwe-“source-grid-load-storage” luyimodi yokusebenza. Kuhlanganisa isixazululo "somthombo wamandla, igridi yamandla, umthwalo, nokugcinwa kwamandla". Ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokuphepha kwegridi. Ingalungisa izinkinga ezifana nokuntengantenga kwegridi ekusebenziseni amandla ahlanzekile. Kulolu hlelo, umthombo ungumphakeli wamandla. Kuhlanganisa amandla avuselelekayo, njengelanga, umoya, namandla aphehlwa ngamanzi. Kuhlanganisa namandla endabuko, njengamalahle, uwoyela, negesi yemvelo. Igridi inethiwekhi yokudlulisa amandla. Kuhlanganisa izintambo zokudlulisela kanye nemishini yesistimu yamandla. Umthwalo ungumsebenzisi wokugcina wamandla. Kubandakanya izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, nezindawo zomphakathi. Isitoreji ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla. Kuhlanganisa okokugcina izinto kanye nobuchwepheshe.
Kuhlelo lwamandla oludala, izitshalo zamandla ashisayo ziwumthombo wamandla. Amakhaya nezimboni kuwumthwalo. Laba bobabili baqhelelene. Igridi yamandla iyawaxhuma. Isebenzisa imodi yokulawula enkulu, edidiyelwe. Imodi yokulinganisa yesikhathi sangempela lapho umthombo wamandla ulandela umthwalo.
Ngaphansi kwe-"neue Leistungssystem", uhlelo lwengeze isidingo sokushaja sezimoto zamandla amasha "njengomthwalo" wabasebenzisi. Lokhu kunyuse kakhulu ingcindezi kugridi yamandla. Izindlela ezintsha zamandla, njengama-photovoltais, zivumele abasebenzisi ukuthi babe “umthombo wamandla.” Futhi, izimoto ezintsha zamandla zidinga ukushajwa ngokushesha. Futhi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla amasha akuzinzile. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzisi badinga "isitoreji samandla" ukuze bushelelezi umthelela wokukhiqiza kwabo amandla futhi basebenzise kugridi. Lokhu kuzovumela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu kanye nesitoreji samandla.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okusha kuyahlukahluka. Abasebenzisi manje bafuna ukwakha ama-microgrid endawo. Lokhu kuxhuma “imithombo yamandla” (ukukhanya), “isitoreji samandla” (isitoreji), kanye “nemithwalo” (ukushaja). Basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokulawula nokuxhumana ukuphatha imithombo eminingi yamandla. Bavumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhiqize futhi basebenzise amandla amasha endaweni. Aphinde axhume kugridi yamandla amakhulu ngezindlela ezimbili. Lokhu kunciphisa umthelela wabo kugridi futhi kusiza ukulinganisa. I-microgrid encane kanye nesitoreji samandla "isitoreji se-photovoltaic nesistimu yokushaja". Ihlanganisiwe. Lolu uhlelo lokusebenza olubalulekile "lwesitoreji somthwalo wegridi yomthombo".
二. Amathemba okusebenza kanye namandla emakethe embonini yokugcina amandla
Umbiko we-CNESA uthi ekupheleni kuka-2023, umthamo ophelele wamaphrojekthi okugcina amandla okusebenza wawungu-289.20GW. Lokhu kukhuphuke ngo-21.92% ukusuka ku-237.20GW ekupheleni kuka-2022. Isamba somthamo ofakiwe wesitoreji samandla esisha sifinyelele ku-91.33GW. Lokhu kunyuke ngo-99.62% uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule.
Ekupheleni kuka-2023, inani eliphelele lamaphrojekthi okugcina amandla e-China lafinyelela ku-86.50GW. Ikhuphuke ngo-44.65% isuka ku-59.80GW ekupheleni kuka-2022. Manje yenza u-29.91% womthamo womhlaba wonke, ikhuphuke ngo-4.70% kusukela ekupheleni kuka-2022. Phakathi kwabo, isitoreji esipompe sinamandla amaningi. Ibalelwa ku-59.40%. Ukukhula kwemakethe kuvela ikakhulukazi ekugcinweni kwamandla okusha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion, amabhethri e-lead-acid, nomoya ocindezelwe. Banomthamo ophelele we-34.51GW. Lokhu kunyuke ngo-163.93% uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule. Ngo-2023, isitoreji samandla esisha saseChina sizokhuphuka ngo-21.44GW, okuwukukhuphuka konyaka ngo-191.77%. Isitoreji samandla esisha sihlanganisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion nomoya ocindezelweyo. Zombili zinamakhulu amaphrojekthi axhunywe kugridi, asezingeni le-megawatt.
Uma sibheka ukuhlelwa nokwakhiwa kwamaphrojekthi amasha okugcina amandla, indawo yokugcina amandla entsha yaseShayina isiphenduke indawo enkulu. Ngo-2022, kunamaphrojekthi ayi-1,799. Ziyahlelwa, zisakhiwa, noma ziyasebenza. Banamandla afinyelela ku-104.50GW. Iningi lamaphrojekthi amasha okugcina amandla asetshenziswayo mancane futhi anosayizi omaphakathi. Isikali sabo singaphansi kuka-10MW. Bakha cishe u-61.98% wesamba. Amaphrojekthi okugcina amandla okuhlela nasakhiwayo mamakhulu kakhulu. Angu-10MW nangaphezulu. Bakha u-75.73% wesamba. Ingaphezu kwama-402 100 amaphrojekthi wamamegawathi asemisebenzini. Banesisekelo nemibandela yokugcina amandla egridi yamandla.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-22-2024